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Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Aug 2017Brain networks have been of long-standing interest to neurodegeneration researchers, including but not limited to investigators focusing on conventional prion diseases,... (Review)
Review
Brain networks have been of long-standing interest to neurodegeneration researchers, including but not limited to investigators focusing on conventional prion diseases, which are known to propagate along neural pathways. Tools for human network mapping, however, remained inadequate, limiting our understanding of human brain network architecture and preventing clinical research applications. Until recently, neuropathological studies were the only viable approach to mapping disease onset and progression in humans but required large autopsy cohorts and laborious methods for whole-brain sectioning and staining. Despite important advantages, postmortem studies cannot address in vivo, physiological, or longitudinal questions and have limited potential to explore early-stage disease except for the most common disorders. Emerging in vivo network-based neuroimaging strategies have begun to address these issues, providing data that complement the neuropathological tradition. Overall, findings to date highlight several fundamental principles of neurodegenerative disease anatomy and pathogenesis, as well as some enduring mysteries. These principles and mysteries provide a road map for future research.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Disease Progression; Humans; Neurodegenerative Diseases
PubMed: 28289062
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a023622 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Sep 2014Brain activity observed at many spatiotemporal scales exhibits a 1/f-like power spectrum, including neuronal membrane potentials, neural field potentials, noninvasive... (Review)
Review
Brain activity observed at many spatiotemporal scales exhibits a 1/f-like power spectrum, including neuronal membrane potentials, neural field potentials, noninvasive electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals. A 1/f-like power spectrum is indicative of arrhythmic brain activity that does not contain a predominant temporal scale (hence, 'scale-free'). This characteristic of scale-free brain activity distinguishes it from brain oscillations. Although scale-free brain activity and brain oscillations coexist, our understanding of the former remains limited. Recent research has shed light on the spatiotemporal organization, functional significance, and potential generative mechanisms of scale-free brain activity, as well as its developmental and clinical relevance. A deeper understanding of this prevalent brain signal should provide new insights into, and analytical tools for, cognitive neuroscience.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Brain Mapping; Brain Waves; Electroencephalography; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Magnetoencephalography; Models, Neurological
PubMed: 24788139
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2014.04.003 -
ELife Sep 2022A new imaging method reveals previously undetected structural differences that may contribute to developmental language disorder.
A new imaging method reveals previously undetected structural differences that may contribute to developmental language disorder.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
PubMed: 36164823
DOI: 10.7554/eLife.82258 -
NeuroImage. Clinical 2018Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly used for preoperative counseling and planning, and intraoperative guidance for tumor resection in the... (Review)
Review
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is increasingly used for preoperative counseling and planning, and intraoperative guidance for tumor resection in the eloquent cortex. Although there have been improvements in image resolution and artifact correction, there are still limitations of this modality. In this review, we discuss clinical fMRI's applications, limitations and potential solutions. These limitations depend on the following parameters: foundations of fMRI, physiologic effects of the disease, distinctions between clinical and research fMRI, and the design of the fMRI study. We also compare fMRI to other brain mapping modalities which should be considered as alternatives or adjuncts when appropriate, and discuss intraoperative use and validation of fMRI. These concepts direct the clinical application of fMRI in neurosurgical patients.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Humans; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Oxygen; Preoperative Care
PubMed: 29270359
DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.12.008 -
Chinese Medical Journal Mar 2024The brain is a complex organ that requires precise mapping to understand its structure and function. Brain atlases provide a powerful tool for studying brain circuits,... (Review)
Review
The brain is a complex organ that requires precise mapping to understand its structure and function. Brain atlases provide a powerful tool for studying brain circuits, discovering biological markers for early diagnosis, and developing personalized treatments for neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuromodulation techniques, such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and deep brain stimulation, have revolutionized clinical therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the lack of fine-scale brain atlases limits the precision and effectiveness of these techniques. Advances in neuroimaging and machine learning techniques have led to the emergence of stereotactic-assisted neurosurgery and navigation systems. Still, the individual variability among patients and the diversity of brain diseases make it necessary to develop personalized solutions. The article provides an overview of recent advances in individualized brain mapping and navigated neuromodulation and discusses the methodological profiles, advantages, disadvantages, and future trends of these techniques. The article concludes by posing open questions about the future development of individualized brain mapping and navigated neuromodulation.
Topics: Humans; Brain; Brain Diseases; Brain Mapping; Deep Brain Stimulation; Neuroimaging; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
PubMed: 38269482
DOI: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002979 -
Seizure Apr 2020Electrical stimulation mapping is a longstanding practice that aids in identification and delineation of eloquent cortex. Initially used to expand our understanding of... (Review)
Review
Electrical stimulation mapping is a longstanding practice that aids in identification and delineation of eloquent cortex. Initially used to expand our understanding of the typical human cortex, it now plays a significant role in mapping cortical function in individuals with atypical structural and functional tissue organization undergoing epilepsy surgery. This review discusses the unique challenges that arise in the functional testing of the immature cortex of a child and the parameters of stimulation that optimize accurate results in conventional open implantation and in stereo-electroencephalography. The prerequisite baseline evaluation and preparation recommended to increase the yield from pediatric stimulation mapping sessions is described, as are ideal approaches to the mapping of the sensory, motor, language, and visual cortices.
Topics: Brain Mapping; Cerebral Cortex; Child; Electric Stimulation; Electrocorticography; Epilepsy; Evoked Potentials; Humans; Monitoring, Intraoperative; Neurosurgical Procedures
PubMed: 31445890
DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2019.07.023 -
BioTechniques Apr 2013
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Genome; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Human Genome Project; Humans
PubMed: 23710523
DOI: 10.2144/000114003 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences Apr 2018Many brain regions have been defined, but a comprehensive formalization of each region's function in relation to human behavior is still lacking. Current knowledge comes... (Review)
Review
Many brain regions have been defined, but a comprehensive formalization of each region's function in relation to human behavior is still lacking. Current knowledge comes from various fields, which have diverse conceptions of 'functions'. We briefly review these fields and outline how the heterogeneity of associations could be harnessed to disclose the computational function of any region. Aggregating activation data from neuroimaging studies allows us to characterize the functional engagement of a region across a range of experimental conditions. Furthermore, large-sample data can disclose covariation between brain region features and ecological behavioral phenotyping. Combining these two approaches opens a new perspective to determine the behavioral associations of a brain region, and hence its function and broader role within large-scale functional networks.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Cognitive Neuroscience; Humans
PubMed: 29501326
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.01.010 -
Trends in Cognitive Sciences May 2017Emotion is often understood in terms of a circumscribed set of cortical and subcortical brain regions. I propose, instead, that emotion should be understood in terms of... (Review)
Review
Emotion is often understood in terms of a circumscribed set of cortical and subcortical brain regions. I propose, instead, that emotion should be understood in terms of large-scale network interactions spanning the entire neuroaxis. I describe multiple anatomical and functional principles of brain organization that lead to the concept of 'functionally integrated systems', cortical-subcortical systems that anchor the organization of emotion in the brain. The proposal is illustrated by describing the cortex-amygdala integrated system and how it intersects with systems involving the ventral striatum/accumbens, septum, hippocampus, hypothalamus, and brainstem. The important role of the thalamus is also highlighted. Overall, the model clarifies why the impact of emotion is wide-ranging, and how emotion is interlocked with perception, cognition, motivation, and action.
Topics: Brain; Brain Mapping; Cognition; Comprehension; Emotions; Humans; Neural Pathways
PubMed: 28363681
DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.002 -
Brain Topography Mar 2024The analysis of EEG microstates for investigating rapid whole-brain network dynamics during rest and tasks has become a standard practice in the EEG research community,...
The analysis of EEG microstates for investigating rapid whole-brain network dynamics during rest and tasks has become a standard practice in the EEG research community, leading to a substantial increase in publications across various affective, cognitive, social and clinical neuroscience domains. Recognizing the growing significance of this analytical method, the authors aim to provide the microstate research community with a comprehensive discussion on methodological standards, unresolved questions, and the functional relevance of EEG microstates. In August 2022, a conference was hosted in Bern, Switzerland, which brought together many researchers from 19 countries. During the conference, researchers gave scientific presentations and engaged in roundtable discussions aiming at establishing steps toward standardizing EEG microstate analysis methods. Encouraged by the conference's success, a special issue was launched in Brain Topography to compile the current state-of-the-art in EEG microstate research, encompassing methodological advancements, experimental findings, and clinical applications. The call for submissions for the special issue garnered 48 contributions from researchers worldwide, spanning reviews, meta-analyses, tutorials, and experimental studies. Following a rigorous peer-review process, 33 papers were accepted whose findings we will comprehensively discuss in this Editorial.
Topics: Humans; Brain; Brain Mapping; Electroencephalography; Rest
PubMed: 38349451
DOI: 10.1007/s10548-024-01037-3